It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. We took the tours, some provided by volunteer docents others by historians with extensive knowledge. further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. Organized as Columbia Blues and designated as Company "K" when it left Henry County Alabama. Slave Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same County? Peter Hairston and his three sons Robert, Andrew and Samuel arrived in Virginia about 1740. HAIRSTON - Beaver Creek, Henry County, Virginia HAIRSTON Beaver Creek Plantation Beaver Creek, the second Hairston home in Henry County, was built in 1776 by George Hairston, son of Robert and Ruth Stovall Hairston. Can you explain? Because of this, a list was compiled and we reached out to each plantation individually to ask their permission to come and tour, photograph, and write about their history. transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions But there are many other plantations worth a visit, including the grand mansions located along the James River. Jai and Charlene talk about what became for them a transformative journey, researching and writing Plantations of Virginia. [3], Patrick Henry's son, John, was given 1,000 acres of the Leatherwood plantation to farm on his own, along with seven of the 42 slaves held there, in 1778. lots of duplication of plantation names. In 1785 the northern part of Patrick Henry County was combined with part of Bedford County to form Franklin County. After Patrick Henry completed his first term as the first elected governor of Virginia in 1776, he moved to a brick home on Leatherwood plantation. And his wife, Dolley Madison, was a huge celebrity in her time and the first Presidents wife to be called the First Lady. Located just outside today's Martinsville, Virginia, on Virginia State Route 108, Beaver Creek was built in 1776 on a 30,000-plus acre royal land grant. And the timing has never been more urgent for all of us to educate ourselves about this part of our nations history. It then descended from father to son to the fifth generation of George Hairstons. What often happened was that the family would flee, leaving behind slaves to manage the property. included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); Alabama, up 37,000 H., 130 slaves, page 476B, HOUSTON, Marshall of Miss., [Edwd. B., Jno C. Mitchell overseer, 35 slaves, page 496, PRESTON, Wm. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Henry County, Virginia, United States. 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. PURPOSE. "[12], During the American Civil War, the 42nd Virginia Infantry was formed in part from Henry County volunteers. The Marquis de Lafayette, who was instrumental in helping America win the Revolutionary War, couldnt understand how his fellow patriots and friends were slave owners. 1692 1692. Top photo: Tuckahoe Plantation, Plantations of Virginia FORMAT. During the War of 1812, the 64th Virginia Militia, under Captain Graves, was formed in 1815 from Henry County. The only inscription that could be read is the following. They formed three terraces, which were filled with flowers and bordered with boxwood. Winton Plantation. Many of these plantations have undergone serious renovations. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards. 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. The only inscription that could be read is the following. C: Virginia was in the thick of it during the Civil War. How were these plantations affected during the Civil War? Nutshell was owned by Philip Henry Winston (1818-1863) and his wife Catherine during the Civil War. Bertie County, established in 1722 from a section of the Chowan precinct, is located in the northeastern part of North Carolina. It was never easy to hear stories about how slaves were treated. Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the Benjamin Dyer was a lieutenant, then later a captain, of the 5th company of the 64th Virginia Militia.Private Alexander Hunter Bassett would later work large tobacco plantations in the county, and Wyatt Jarrett. Indiana, up 25,000 (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the Billings, A. enumerator listed slaves held by someone as owner followe by slaves held by the same person as Surry, VA, United States. Copyright 1996 Xperts Inc. C: Ive always loved history and researching and writing this book has fueled my desire to learn even more. available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . ". His treasures include a marble top liquor case from Scotland, a table with scalloped top, which turns like a lazy Susan, and a miniature blown glass elk. Buried in Graveyard on Winton Plantation-located 200 yards West of Manor House and adjacent to Winton Country Club Golf Course. The original house was destroyed by fire in 1837 and was rebuilt by George Hairston's son Marshall. Limit 20 per day. Plantation Mill Ct. View property records for 26 addresses located on Plantation Mill Court in Gainesville, Virginia, including property ownership, deeds, mortgages, titles & sales history, current & historic tax assessments, legal, parcel & structure description, land use, zoning & more. We never found a query that stumped one of these guides. Thomas Graves (c1580-1635) England: 1608: Jamestown Settlement: One of the early Settlers of Jamestown John Henry (c1704-1773) Scotland . Henry County Public Service Authority, 0.13 acres, $500; 0.14 acres, $2,000; and 1.24 acres, $4,965; time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from Henry County, This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Henry County, Virginia, United States. publication of slaveholder names beginning with the largest holders will enable naming of the Chapter VI: ANTEBELLUM DAYS. Peter Hairston and his three sons Robert,Andrew and Samuel arrived in Virginia about 1740. We also found that slavery continues to be a difficult topic in the state. Henry Willis was born in 1690 in Ware Parish, Gloucester County, Virginia and died 14 Sept 1740 in Virginia. LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. Can you tell us how you gathered your information? In 1676, a local Jacobean brick house was occupied as a fort or castle during Bacon's famous Rebellion against the Royal Governor, Sir William Berkeley. searchable and highly recommended database that can found at slaveholders with 1870 African Americans is intended merely as suggesting another possibility for Two Virginia Counties that showed a significant increase in colored population The Database is searchable and lists the names of 34 plantations in Virginia. Sadly, many were used as hospitals in which floors were painted black to cover the blood-stained wood to grounds being used as unmarked cemeteries. Henry is especially famous for his "Liberty or Death" speech made in 1775 in Saint John's Church in Richmond. The biggest win: Commonwealth Crossing's $22.2 million from Virginia; . Plantation names were not shown on the census. FS Library Collection 975.5 X2d 1840.Free online surname index and purchase details at Mountain Press website. The Hairstons: An American Family in Black and White. It is located near Stanleytown on the old Carolina Post Road between Bassett and Fieldale and is a copy of a house George had seen in Richmond. [citation needed] One of the first free black communities in America was located in Charles City, as well as the third oldest organized free black church. We were impressed with the amount of research involved. Henry County is a county located in the U.S. state of Virginia. Mildred was born in 1691 in Bedford County, Virginia and died on 5 Sep 1747. Although Julia turned down his first proposal, after he saved her during a tragedy on a naval ship, she agreed to marry him. Leatherwood Plantation of 10,000 acres (40 km2) was located in Henry County, Virginia, where American Founding Father Patrick Henry lived from 1779 until 1784. HAIRSTON Hordsville Plantation Hordsville was built in 1836 by George Hairston, Jr. and Louisa Hardyman Hairston. Today the home is a superb example of Federal design and American interior decorative arts. C: After reading about the history of these 40 plantations, we hope that people will be inspired to visit many of them. We also heard many times of women who had died of a broken heart. (When that term was used to describe Debbie Reynolds death, we were reminded that tremendous grief can indeed take its toll.) That's no surprise since these palatial homes are rich in history, representing a pivotal time in US history that truly is "gone with the wind." modify the information in this transcription for their own purposes. ). Willow Bend Books, Westminster . The plantation is probably named after Leatherwood Creek, a tributary to the Smith River (Virginia), which ran through the property. The shuttered windows also boasted circles of boxwood beneath each. Roughly bounded by 10th St., River Rd., Patrick Ave., and Chestnut St. Descendants of these significant figures in American history still live in the county today. The rest of the slaves in the County were held by a Virginia has produced eight presidents and three of those George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison were Founding Fathers whose leadership and inspiration were critical to the birth and success of the new country. How did you select the plantations you visited? Plan to spend a full day at each. increased just under 5% to 5,581. Experts are consulted about paint colors, fabrics, and the materials used inside and outside the home. Lott Cary, the first black American missionary to Africa and founding father of Liberia, was born here. Ball, Colonel Joseph Tuley, Jr., Colonel Upton L. Boyce, William Fairfax, Bryan Fairfax, George Washington, William Byrd Harrison, George Harrison Byrd, Francis Otway Byrd, Harry C. Thompson, Fred E. Watkins, Jim Justice. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was listed [14], According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 384 square miles (990km2), of which 382 square miles (990km2) is land and 2 square miles (5.2km2) (0.5%) is water.[15]. the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. (Best for messages specifically directed to those editing this profile. "John born 1757 at "Pine Slash," died ca. It has a gracefulstaircase, tall windows and ornamental woodwork, with smooth green lawns sloping down to Marrowbone Creek. Charles City has been home to Indians and early settlers, planters, signers of the Declaration of Independence, Presidents, slaves, emancipators and free blacks, educators and agriculturalists. Lion of Liberty: Patrick Henry and the Call to a New Nation. He took the oath of allegiance in 1776, having served as the first High Sheriff of Henry county. TheMarrowbone home is a frame house and is believed to be the oldest frame house in the county. Magna Vista Plantation. Virginia survey, 1861 LDS Genealogy. Henry County; 10 PLANTATION DR, STOCKBRIDGE , GA 30281 3 beds | 3 baths | 3,066 sqft. In no event will Henry County be liable for any damages, including loss of data, lost profits, business interruption, loss of business information or other pecuniary loss that might arise from the use of this map or the information it contains. Augusta County, Virginia was named after his wife, Rebecca Staunton. is beyond the scope of this transcription. . . The house is judged as one of the finest Federal period country estate houses in the nation. Pltn?, 23 slaves, page 475B, HAIRSTON, Geo. No one lives in the old home today. of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. Photo submitted by Lisa Smith "WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION OF VIRGINIA HISTORICAL INVENTORY" Research mabe by Kissie D. Carter, Martinsville, Va., August 3, 1914 1. By the 1870 Birth of Elizabeth Ellis. It has always been called "the largest and most beautiful of the Hairston homes." employer, the combined total has been used here. During one renovation, a mouse nest was discovered in a wall. VII, No. Albemarle Parish, Sussex County, register, 1721-1787. The plantation was given to Henry's son-in-law and daughter upon their marriage. The home of James and Dolley Madison had passed through many hands and was last owned by Marion du Pont. by Carolyn Henderson, Libba Johnson and Robert E. Hairston, Jr. - hairston.org. This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 3, 2023.[2]. He resigned 13 September 1861. 598-599 available at, National Register of Historic Places listings in Henry County, Virginia, Places Associated with Patrick Henry, virginiaplaces.org, National Register of Historic Places Form, dhr.virginia.gov, History, Martinsville and Henry County, Virginia, martinsville.com. Select Photo(s) General photo guidelines: Photos larger than 8.0 MB . pages being reported here with a B added to the number of the preceding page. About 8.80% of families and 11.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.20% of those under age 18 and 12.60% of those age 65 or over. How did the two of you come together to write this book? In 2011. No one lives in the old home today. Fresh ideas are how I stay young. When Patricia Field convinced Darren Star to let her introduce Carrie Bradshaw in a tulle skirt and. Virginia Land Patents and Grants, 1623-2000 Library of Virginia. His son, Patrick Henry, Jr., was also born at Leatherwood on August 15, 1783. Due to variable film quality, handwriting It was established in 1619 and its plantations and farms along the James River have survived the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 and the War Between the States. Hanover County razed it on May 5, 2016. You are the visitor to this page. To begin one's tour of this beautiful old home we see the soapstone walk which has been worn down by a century of use, huge wooden doors held together with pegs, and a lovely hand-carved circular staircase leading to the third floor. J: There are many narratives left to be discovered. employer, the combined total has been used here. Located near. Note that few records survive for this era from Dinwiddie, and . So much destruction, so many lives lost. The new county was initially named Patrick Henry County in honor of Patrick Henry, who was then serving as the first Governor of Virginia, and some of whose relatives had settled in the area. Jai Williams and Charlene Giannetti spent six months visiting 40 plantations in Virginia, taking tours and talking with the families and the professionals tasked with caring for these historic properties. John Alexander, Gerard Alexander I, John Parke Custis, Richard Ambler, John Ambler, William Allen, Robert King Carter, Carter Henry Harrison, Daniel Clark, William Green Munford, John Munford, John Cocke, Hamlin Willcox, Mrs. Walter O. Majo, Thomas Stegge II, Governor John Harvey, Governor Samuel Stephens, Governor William Berkeley, Dr. Thomas Walker, Colonel Alfred Landon Rives, William Fitzhugh, Major Churchill Jones, John Coalter, George Harrison, Arthur Allen, William Allen, William Douglas, Bowler Cocke the Younger, Captain Thomas Pemberton, Richard Kennon, Robert Henry Batte, Willis Comstock, Captain Thomas Harris, Nathaniel Bacon, William Randolph, William Allen, Charles Senff, C.K.G. Using plantation His daughters, Sarah (Sallie) Butler, was born at Leatherwood on January 4, 1780, as was her sister, Martha Catharine (Kitty), born November 3, 1781. WASHINGTON They lived and died on two neighboring Loudoun County plantations; dozens gathered in Leesburg for an annual remembrance of the lives of the enslaved residents of two sister. George Waller (1734-1814) and his wife, Anne Winston Waller (1735-1839), established their plantation at Waller's Ford on the Smith River near here about 1770. Built in 1825, the house was originally situated on 1,660 acres and produced grains, vegetables and livestock, including sheep, horses, cattle and hogs. the number of slaves they held in the County and the first page number on which they were listed. Furthermore, shooting towards the end of the year (autumn/winter) removed, in my opinion, the lightheartedness sometimes conveyed when these same places are shot during the (spring/summer). A map from 1875 to identify neighbors who lived near Locust Hill that did not have plantation names (Green-Peyton Albemarle County map of 1875); And finally a current map of Albemarle County so that viewers can recognize the homes that still exist today (Shen-Valley Maps Plus, 2007). Albemarle Parish was established in 1738 in the part of Surry County that became Sussex County in 1753. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and Patrick Henry married (2nd) Dorothea Dandridge 25 Oct 1777, born 25 Sept 1755 (or 1757) at "Chelsea", died 14 Feb 1831 at age 73 at "Seven Islands", Halifax Co., VA; because of inclement weather, she was initially buried at "Seven Islands" and subsequently reinterred at "Red Hill" beside Patrick Henry. History[ edit] It brought home how much work we still have to do to mend race relations in our country. There were 25,921 housing units at an average density of 68 per squaremile (26/km2). The last U.S. census slave schedules were not realize that ancestor was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave schedules, because published Secondly, how interconnected plantations were in Virginia. J: Virginia is thriving with plantations both publicly and/or privately owned. Extensive timberlands, tidal waters and marshes, and thousands of acres of richly cultivated farmland are preserved here. Theres even a bed and breakfast featured in the book- The Inn at Meander where you can stay. This fort would become Middle Plantation and later Williamsburg, Virginia. Andrea Erda and her family still live in this magnificent home and she was very gracious showing us around and talking about Westovers history. Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list [6], The Leatherwood plantation later passed to the Hairston family. C: Before each visit, we read all the information that was available in print and online. The dining room was furnished with a huge banquet table where George Hairston entertained many friends. Their homes, Mount Vernon, Monticello, and Montpelier, remain the crown jewels and should be experienced by every American for their historic value. Southern plantations are an endless source of fascination. In 1652, Surry County was formed from a portion of James City County in the Royal Colony of Virginia south of the James River. 10/6/22), Categories: USBH Heritage Exchange, Needs Slave Profiles | Virginia, Plantations, WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH. Where the census enumerators, interested researchers should view the source film personally to verify or William Whitby & Ruth Gorsuch Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the A plat map of the Locust Hill Estate completed in 1869. for such named slaves, did not notice any such information while doing this transcription. And then there are those that are being brought back from rubble, determined individuals on a mission to preserve history. 3200 Mount Vernon Hwy, Mt Vernon, VA 22309, USA, Oatlands Plantation Ln, Leesburg, VA 20175, USA, 15855 Limestone School Rd, Leesburg, VA 20176, USA, Violet Bank Dr, Virginia Beach, VA 23464, USA. Estimates of the number of former They formed three terraces, which were filled with flowers and bordered with boxwood. C: Learning about a slaves life on the plantations was always the most sobering part of the journey. Agriculturist Edmund Ruffin, who fired the first shot of the Civil War, practiced his innovative techniques on Charles City soil. The county's six districts are as follows, in alphabetical order: Axton, Bassett, Collinsville, Horsepasture, Reed Creek, and Ridgeway. By the close of the 18th century, Harman Blennerhassett had constructed a mansion on his plantation on Blennerhassett Island and Moses Shepherd had built . TheMarrowbone home is a frame house and is believed to be the oldest frame house in the county. census, the white population stayed about the same at 6,722, while the colored population had FORMER SLAVES. Can you tell us how you approached that part of the assignment? Negroeswas less than twice what the colored population had been 100 years before.) holders of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. The Oatlands property is composed of the main mansion and 415 acres of farmland and gardens. 1791 at age 34 at "Leatherwood," Revolutionary War soldier, buried in unmarked grave at "Leatherwood," Henry Co., VA, married Susannah Walker (she remarried 1798 to Richard White and died in Abingdon, VA)." The spurs and hunting horn of George Hairston did hang in the hall reminding us of the gentleman who lived and hunted here for so many years. In Princess Anne County, Virginia, in 1705, Grace Sherwood was tried at the Court-house on "The Ferry" plantation for witchcraft. Towns overseer], 101 slaves, page 484B, MARSHALL [one name only] of Miss., owner, Jose Sluydon overseer, 57 slaves, page 482, MARTIN, GRAVELY & MARTIN, 25 slaves, page 476, MOLITOR?, Silas Sr., 25 slaves, page 483B, PANNILL, Geo. 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 increased just under 5% to 5,581. Alcey named her new home Chatmoss after the place in the novel. Henry County, Virginia Magna Vista Plantation 1988 - Photo by Desmond Kendrick. Jai, You took the photos for the book. [1] Several of his children were born there during his residency. J: Sites like the National Register of Historic Places as well as the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Historic Register were researched alongside information provided by each plantations docent, website and text. George Hairston, generally called "Old Rusty", graduated from Princeton in 1805 and married Louisa Hardyman, a ward of President John Tyler. With each owner, the buildings and grounds underwent dramatic changes. Other pieces from the pre-civil war period were iron mortars and pestles and an iron washbowl, which were made at George Hairston's Union Furnace Iron Works in Patrick County. Do Not Count - If you have created an index or holding page for multiple plantations you are working on that were owned by the same person, please place your holding page under this heading. C: Theres so much to focus on with these three plantations. Charlene: About five years ago, my husband and I began dividing our time between New York City and Alexandria, Virginia. Moseley Families of Henrico, Chesterfield, Etc. In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.30% under the age of 18, 7.50% from 18 to 24, 29.00% from 25 to 44, 26.10% from 45 to 64, and 15.00% who were 65 years of age or older. Many homes were occupied, sometimes by Confederate forces, but also by Union soldiers. slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, The county, strategically located between the James and Chickahominy Rivers and close to the colonial capitals of Jamestown and Williamsburg, was the first westward expansion of English-speaking America. Negroeswas less than twice what the colored population had been 100 years before. Officially known as the Commonwealth of Virginia. Ask questions! C: Meticulous attention to detail. Surry Surry County Virginia, USA Death: 1727 Surry County Virginia, USA . In 1780, Henry County was named in his honor, and sent him back to the capital as their representative to the Virginia House of Delegates. PLANTATION NAMES. Virginia Revolutionary War land grant claims 1783-1850 (rejected) Family History Library. modify the information in this transcription for their own purposes. FORMER SLAVES. The walnut corner cupboard was put together with wooden pegs and is a collectors item. Mss5:8BX5917 AL144:1. We heard many horror stories which brought to mind scenes in the Oscar-winning film 12 Years a Slave. Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was The actual number of slaveholders may be Same is not very well kept, and is in very bad condition today; most of the stone markers have fallen down and many excavations are exposed. Visiting Montpelier, I learned more about Madison, known as the Father of the Constitution and the Architect of the Bill of Rights. Despite its proximity to historic Williamsburg and to Richmond, the capital of Virginia, Charles City has remained a rural oasis. Known plantations include Cooleemee Hill in Davie County, N.C.; Shoe Buckle, Home House, and Old Town in Stokes county, N.C.; Oak Hill, Berry Hill, and Misher Place in Pittsylvania County, Va.; Morgan, Horse Pasture, and Shawnee in Henry County, Va.; and Columbus in Lowndes County, Miss. Click on the county or independent city below for a list of historic sites in the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places in each jurisdiction. Henry Willis married Mildred Lewis, daughter of John 'Councillor' Lewis and Elizabeth Warner, on 30 Oct 1726. The estimated . Regardless of how each story was told by the docents, capturing the house, its interior, and grounds, my goal was to provide each reader with an opportunity to draw their own inference based on the text. all obtainable records of the holder. Scotchtown Plantation: Patrick Henry : 375039.7N 77354.4W : 66000835 : Selma Plantation: Armistead Thomson Mason . This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. In Virginia in 1860 there were 641 farms of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 2,882 farms of 500-999 acres. Amherst, Amherst County, Virginia, USA Show Map. By the 1870 So many women died young in childbirth. The amount of research involved in these restorations is amazing and those who work on these projects are truly design detectives. The median age was 39 years. Alabama Plantations; Georgia Plantations; Lousiana Plantations; Mississippi Plantations; Patrick Henry b. Henry Counter Chamber of Commerce. While some of the plantations were very upfront discussing this part of their histories many had special exhibits and even asked for the publics help in locating descendants of slaves others said they preferred we skip that part of their stories. Learn more. For example, the number of enslaved people enumerated under a slave owner could indicate whether or not the slave owner had a plantation, and if so, what size it was. Instructions for placing plantations on this page: Under Construction - If your plantation page needs work or is partially complete place it under this heading. [Moseley] Walter, Alice Granbery. census, the white population stayed about the same at 6,722, while the colored population had Douthat, James L. 1840 Mountain Empire of Virginia Census.Signal Mountain, Tenn.: Mountain Press, 2001. acres. Families still live in some of these homes and we were fascinated that young children were being raised surrounded by such rich history. Virginia. B., [Thos Mitchell overseer], 55 slaves, page 485, REDD, Sarah A., [Bo C. Anderson employer], 24 slaves, page 500B, WADE, A. of Richmond, 39 slaves, page 490B, WALKER, Arnold of VA owner, [Saml. There was survey done in 1937 by H. C. Field that indicated there were 11 graves in this cemetery: "The family burying ground is about five hundred yards from the house, and is enclosed by a iron fence. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is It has a gracefulstaircase, tall windows and ornamental woodwork, with smooth green lawns sloping down to Marrowbone Creek. Nathaniel Batts was the first white European to traverse modern-day Bertie, and the Batts House remains a testament to his settlement. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. Violet Bank is a historic plantation house and museum in Colonial Heights, Virginia. HAIRSTON, Virginia b:1837 d: after 1860 (grave marker states 1838, but is incorrect) WATKINS, Elizabeth Perkins b:1862 d:1945 WATKINS, Louisa Hardyman HAIRSTON b:1821 d:1873 He was born March 3, 1950, in Elkins, a son of the late Hobert Henry Corley and the late Teresa Ann Falcone Corley. B. Ruddock, Fred Watkins, General George Catlett Marshall, John Drish. slightly lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and would have